广东开平市风采中学 张勇
笔者研究了近几年全国新课标英语卷语篇填空，发现每年都考查到非谓语动词。现笔者对非谓语考点进行归纳小结，希望对广大考生有所帮助。
非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词，即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以充当句子的其他多种成分。
考点一：非谓语动词做主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，能做主语的有动词不定式和动名词。
真题再现
［2014·全国新课标卷I］It took years of work ____65____(reduce)industrial pollution and clean the water.
解析：考查It takes some time to do sth. 句式。其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的to do sth，故用to reduce。
考点二：非谓语动词做宾语
宾语是指一个动作（动词）的承受者，常置于动词之后，也可置于介词之后构成介宾短语。动词不定式和动名词皆可用作宾语。常接动名词做宾语的动词有：avoid，miss，put off，advise，finish，practise，enjoy，imagine，can’t help，admit，deny，envy escape，risk，excuse，stand，keep，mind等（记忆口诀：避免错过少延期，建议完成多练习。喜欢想象禁不住，承认否定与嫉妒。逃避冒险莫原谅，忍受保持不介意）。常接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree，ask，decide，expect，fail，help，hope，manage，offer，plan，pretend，promise，refuse，want，wish等。
真题再现
［2017·全国新课标卷I］Fast food is full of fat and salt; by ____68____(eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
解析：在by介词后作宾语要用动名词。
［2016·全国新课标卷Ⅰ］My ambassadorial duties will include ___________(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research center in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
解析：由include 后习惯上用动名词作宾语，即include doing，可知填introducing。
［2014·全国新课标卷Ⅱ］ One morning，I was waiting at the bus stop，worried about____61____(be) late for school.
解析：about是介词，其后接名词或动名词构成介宾短语，故填being。
［2014·全国新课标卷Ⅱ］ I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver，but he refused ____66____(stop) until we reached the next stop.
解析：此题考查refuse to do sth.这一用法，故填不定式to stop做宾语。
［2014·全国新课标卷Ⅱ］Still，the boy kept____67____ (ride).
解析：此空考查keep doing的固定搭配，现在分词做宾语，故填riding。
［2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ］ In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition”a house without ____44____(use) electric equipment.
解析：此题考查介词后面接动名词做宾语即介宾短语，故without后填use的动名词形式using。
考点三：非谓语动词做表语
不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词均可用做表语。过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态，而现在分词作表语则表示主语所具有的特征。动名词作表语表示主语的具体内容时，主语和表语可以互换。
真题再现
［2014·全国新课标卷Ⅱ］ There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and____63____(disappoint).
解析：此处是and连接的并列结构，一起置于系动词look后做表语，同时又是修饰人，故填disappointed。
考点四：非谓语动词做定语
能作定语的非谓语动词有to do，doing，to be done，being done，done五种。当非谓语动词与被修饰词之间构成主动关系时用to do或doing作定语，表示将来或未发生的动作用to do，表示正在进行的动作用doing；当非谓语动词与被修饰词之间构成被动关系时，则用to do/to be done，being done或done做定语。需要注意的是，to do和to be done做定语表示被动时，如果句子中某一成分是该不定式的动作执行者，则选用to do；如果句子中没有该不定式的动作执行者，则用to be done做定语。
真题再现
［2016·全国新课标卷Ⅰ］I was the first Western TV reporter ___________ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析：句中已有谓语was，故permit应作为非谓语动词；又因reporter与permit之间是被动关系，故用过去分词permitted作后置定语。
［2014·全国新课标卷I］While there are ____68____(amaze) stories of instant transformation…
解析：此空充当定语修饰后面的名词stories，表示“令人惊叹”之意，故用amazing。
［2015·全国新课标卷I］ A study of travelers____68____(conduct) by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
解析：此句的谓语动词是names。study与conduct之间存在动宾关系，又由by可知，此处该用表示被动的过去分词形式充当后置定语，故用conducted。
［2015·全国新课标卷I］Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people____70____(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析：由于live与其所修饰的名词 people之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故用表示主动意义的现在分词形式living来充当后置定语。
［2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ］The adobe dwellings (土坯房)____41____(build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.
解析：此题与2015全国新课标卷I的第68空类似。dwellings和build之间是动宾关系，故填built作定语。
考点五：非谓语动词做状语
能做状语的非谓语动词有to do，doing，having done，done，having been done等。To do，doing和having done与句子主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，而done、having been done与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。To do位于句首时常作目的状语，位于句尾时常用作目的、结果、原因状语等，而only to do常表示与预料中的情况不一致或相反的结果；doing放在句首时常作时间、条件、原因状语等，位于句尾时常用作伴随、方式状语，也可作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果；当非谓语动词所表示的动作时间发生在主句动作时间之前时要用having done；done构成的短语作状语放在句首时常表示时间、原因、条件等，位于句末时表示对前面的情况进行补充说明；而having been done则表示非谓语动词与其逻辑主语构成被动关系，且该动作发生在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
真题再现
［2016·全国新课标卷Ⅲ］Skilled workers also combine various hard woods and metal __________ (create) special designs.
解析：句中已有谓语combine，故create应为非谓语动词；表示目的，用动词不定式to create。
［2016·全国新课标卷Ⅲ］People probably cooked their food in large pots, _______(use) twigs(树枝) to remove it.
解析：句中已有谓语cooked，故use为非谓语动词；又因主语people与use在逻辑上是主动关系，故用using作伴随状语。
［2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ］When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ____46____(cool) the house during the hot day.
解析：“形容词+enough+动词不定式”为一常用句式基本句子结构，此处不定式to do 充当结果状语，所以该处填to cool。
考点六：非谓语动词做宾语补足语
现在分词、过去分词和不定式皆能充当宾语补足语。常接带to不定式作宾补的动词(词组)有want，warn，wait for，ask，tell，cause，call on，help，get，like，order，beg，allow，long for，forbid，force，advise，know，encourage，teach，invite，permit，persuade等。常接无to不定式、现在分词和过去分词作宾补的动词(词组)有：watch，observe，see，look at，make，let，have，hear，overhear，listen to，notice，feel，discover等。我们可以用口诀来帮助记忆：四看、三让、三听、一注意、一感觉、一发现。
真题再现
［2017·全国新课标卷I］ Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required ________(process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
解析：to process 由require sb to do sth可知，用不定式作宾语补足语。
［2017·全国新课标卷Ⅲ］ But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ___________(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：to prove由want to do sth.可知。
［2015·浙江卷］Listening to music at home is one thing，going to hear it ________ (perform) live is quite another.
解析：hear sb./sth. doing 表听到某人某物做某事。由于音乐是被演奏的，所以需要用被动形式，但句子已有谓语动词is，故填非谓语being performed，做宾语补足语。
［2015·陕西卷］Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother ________ (take)good care of at home.
解析：句子的宾语his mother和take care of是被动关系，用动词的过去分词做宾语补足语，应填taken。
考点七：独立主格结构中的非谓语动词
独立主格结构由名词或代词加上分词短语构成，在句中作状语，用于修饰整个句子。该结构中的名词或代词与其后的非谓语动词短语构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能用并列连词和从句引导词连接，二者常用逗号隔开。独立主格结构可以转化为相应的状语从句，但不能转化为分词短语作状语，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。“with +名词+非谓语动词”也属于独立主格结构，在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。
真题再现
因全国新课标卷的语法填空部分没有出现此类填空，故借用他省高考真题。
［2015·江苏卷］Much time______ (spend) sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.
解析：句子的主语是office workers，谓语是are troubled，但spend的逻辑主语却是time，故此题是考查独立主格结构，time与spend之间是一种被动关系，故空格处用过去分词表被动，填spent。
实战演练
填入所给词的正确形式。
1.［2017全国Ⅱ卷］This included digging up the road, ________(lay) the track and then building a strong roof…
2.［2017全国Ⅲ卷］But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term _________(rest).
3.［2015·湖南卷］When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile，she stood rooted to the ground, ________ (wonder) whether to stay or leave.
4.［2015·陕西卷]After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress，Anne Benedict went on___(thank)all the people who had helped in her career.
5.［2015·天津卷] ______ (work) for two days，Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
6.［2015·安徽卷]______ (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
7.［2014·安徽卷］While waiting for the opportunity to get ________ (promote)，Henry did his best to perform his duty.
8.［2014·北京卷］Last night，there were millions of people ________(watch) the opening ceremony live on TV.
9.［2014·北京卷］There are still many problems ________(solve)before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.
10.［2014·全国大纲卷］Today there are more airplanes ________(carry)more people than ever before in the skies.
11.［2014·福建卷］________(spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong，Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
12.［2014·福建卷］For those with family members far away，the personal computer and the phone are important in staying________(connect)．
13.［2014·湖南卷］ There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland，________(stare) at the night sky.
14.［2014·湖南卷］________(free) ourselves from the physical and mental tensions，we each need deep thought and inner quietness.
15.［2014·江苏卷］The lecture ________(give)，a lively questionnaire answer session followed.
16.［2014·江西卷］________(spend) nearly all our money，we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.
17.［2014·山东卷］There’s a note pinned to the door________(say) when the shop will open again.
18.［2014·四川卷］The manager was satisfied to see many new products ________ (develop) after great efforts.
19.［2014·天津卷］Clearly and thoughtfully________(write)，the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
20.［2014·重庆卷］The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras ________(return) to our shop for quality problems.
答案与简析：
1.laying 与前面的digging 及后面的and then building为并列关系，一起作included的宾语；根据“并列一致”可知，也应用-ing形式，故填laying (铺)。
2.resting 由spend…doing sth.可知。
3. wondering 句子的主语she与动词wonder构成逻辑上的主动关系，因此用v. ing形式作伴随状语，故填wondering。
4. to think 考查固定搭配go on doing/to do，在此是表示继续做不同的事情，因此要用不定式to think作宾语。
5. Having worked 句中的逻辑主语为Steve，与work之间为主动关系，故用现在分词，作状语。但work这一动作先于谓语动词发生，故用Having worked。
6. Ignoring 句子的谓语动词为will be，缺少主语。ignore的逻辑主语是you，两者是主谓关系，在此用动名词作主语，故填Ignoring。
7. promoted 因promote的逻辑主语为Henry，且两者之间为动宾关系，故应使用promoted。
8. watching 作定语，说明人们在做什么，与前面的people构成主谓关系。
9. to be solved 根据题干信息，非谓语动词在这里作定语，限定problem表示“要去解决的问题”。根据非谓语动词作定语的规则：现在分词表示主动和正在发生；过去分词表示被动和完成；不定式表示将要发生。所以填to be solved。
10. carrying 此处airplane和carry之间是主动关系，故用现在分词carrying作定语。
11. Having spent 主语Linda和动词spend之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，并且spend的动作发生在appear动作之前，故使用doing形式的完成式作状语，故填Having spent。
12. connected 因(be)connected with是固定短语，意为“与……保持联系、联络”，stay可以用作系动词，connected可以看作表示状态的形容词，用作表语。
13. staring 作伴随状语，与隐含的主语(说话人)构成主动关系。
14. To free 位于句首表示目的，须用动词不定式来充当目的状语，故填To free。
15. having been given 分析该句结构可知，该句为独立主格结构，空白处作状语，lecture和give之间为被动关系，并表示动作已经发生，故填having been given。
16. Having spent 因spend与we之间为主动关系基本句子结构，spend这一动作发生在afford之前，故应该用现在分词的完成式，即Having spent。
17. saying 句子的主干是there’s a note，pinned to是过去分词短语作定语，修饰note。say与note是主动关系，故用现在分词作定语，修饰note。故填saying。
18. developed 此处是非谓语动词作感官动词see的宾语补足语，develop与宾语products为被动关系，故使用过去分词developed。
19. written 句子的主语the book与write之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，再根据句意，学生受到了激发，可知write动作已经完成，故填written作状语。
20. returned 此处cameras 与return是动宾关系，因此用过去分词表示被动，过去分词returned在此作cameras的定语。
